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The five universals الكُلِّيَّات الخَمْس
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Question 1
What is “animal” relative to “human”?
“Animal” is said of human, horse and others, which differ in their realities, in answer to “what is it?”: a genus.
See: Genus
Question 2
What is “rational” relative to “human”?
“Rational” separates human from the other animals and is part of what a human is: a differentia.
See: Differentia
Question 3
What is “capable of laughter” relative to “human”?
It belongs to humans only, but is not part of their essence: a proprium.
See: Proprium
Question 4
What is “walking” relative to “human”?
Other animals walk too, and walking is not part of what a human is: a common accident.
See: Common accident
Question 5
What is “human” relative to Zayd and ʿAmr?
Zayd and ʿAmr agree in their whole reality, and “human” names it: a species.
See: Species
Question 6
What is “neighing” relative to “horse”?
الصَّاهِلُ
In the classical definition “a neighing animal”, neighing separates the horse from other animals as part of its essence: a differentia.
See: Differentia
Question 7
What is “black” relative to “crow”?
Blackness never leaves the crow, but other things are black too, so it is not specific to crows: a common accident, though an inseparable one.