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Propositions القَضَايَا
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Question 1
What is the contradictory of “Every human is animal”?
Contradictories differ in both quantity and quality, so a universal affirmative is contradicted by a particular negative. Exactly one of the two is true.
See: Contradiction
Question 2
What is the contradictory of “No metal is body”?
Contradictories differ in both quantity and quality, so a universal negative is contradicted by a particular affirmative. Exactly one of the two is true.
See: Contradiction
Question 3
What is the contradictory of “Some stone is plant”?
Contradictories differ in both quantity and quality, so a particular affirmative is contradicted by a universal negative. Exactly one of the two is true.
See: Contradiction
Question 4
What is the contradictory of “Not every writer is human”?
Contradictories differ in both quantity and quality, so a particular negative is contradicted by a universal affirmative. Exactly one of the two is true.
See: Contradiction
Question 5
What is the simple converse of “Every metal is body”?
A universal affirmative converts only to a particular affirmative, since the predicate may be wider than the subject.
See: Simple conversion
Question 6
What is the simple converse of “No stone is plant”?
A universal negative converts to a universal negative.
See: Simple conversion
Question 7
What is the simple converse of “Some writer is human”?
A particular affirmative converts to a particular affirmative.
See: Simple conversion
Question 8
What is the simple converse of “Not every human is animal”?
A particular negative has no valid converse: 'Not every animal is human' is true, but 'Not every human is an animal' is false.
See: Simple conversion