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Utterances and signification الأَلْفَاظ وَالدَّلَالَة
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Question 1
How does “human” signify “rational animal”?
الإِنْسَانُ ← الحَيَوَانُ النَّاطِقُ
“Rational animal” is the whole meaning for which “human” was coined, so this is correspondence.
Question 2
How does “human” signify “animal” on its own?
“Animal” is a part of the meaning of “human”, so this is inclusion.
Question 3
How does “human” signify “capable of knowledge and of writing”?
This lies outside the meaning of “human” but necessarily accompanies it in the mind, so this is implication.
Question 4
How does “house” signify “wall”?
البَيْتُ ← الجِدَارُ
The wall is part of a house, so “house” signifies it by inclusion.
Question 5
How does “ceiling” signify “wall”?
السَّقْفُ ← الجِدَارُ
A wall is not part of the meaning of “ceiling”, but a ceiling cannot be conceived without something holding it up: implication.
Question 6
Is “human” a simple or a composite utterance?
Its parts carry no part of its meaning, so it is simple (mufrad).
See: Simple utterance
Question 7
Is “Zayd's servant” a simple or a composite utterance?
غُلَامُ زَيْدٍ
Each word signifies part of the meaning of the whole, so it is composite (murakkab).
See: Composite utterance