Home / Assents / Connective conditional

Assents · Propositions · 7 of 11

Connective conditional

al-muttaṣila

المُتَّصِلَة

A connective conditional (muttaṣila) judges that one proposition holds, or does not hold, given another.

Draft · awaiting review

Explanation

“If the sun has risen, it is day.”

Also written as: muttasila, if-then proposition.

In the text

وَهِيَ إِمَّا حَمْلِيَّةٌ كَقَوْلِنَا: زَيْدٌ كَاتِبٌ، وَإِمَّا شَرْطِيَّةٌ مُتَّصِلَةٌ كَقَوْلِنَا: إِنْ كَانَتِ الشَّمْسُ طَالِعَةً فَالنَّهَارُ مَوْجُودٌ، وَإِمَّا شَرْطِيَّةٌ مُنْفَصِلَةٌ كَقَوْلِنَا: الْعَدَدُ إِمَّا أَنْ يَكُونَ زَوْجًا أَوْ فَرْدًا.It is either categorical, as in “Zayd is a writer”; or conditional and connective, as in “If the sun has risen, it is day”; or conditional and disjunctive, as in “A number is either even or odd.”وَالْمُتَّصِلَةُ إِمَّا لُزُومِيَّةٌ كَقَوْلِنَا: إِنْ كَانَتِ الشَّمْسُ طَالِعَةً فَالنَّهَارُ مَوْجُودٌ، وَإِمَّا اتِّفَاقِيَّةٌ كَقَوْلِنَا: إِنْ كَانَ الإِنْسَانُ نَاطِقًا فَالْحِمَارُ نَاهِقٌ؛The connective is either necessary, as in “If the sun has risen, it is day”, or coincidental, as in “If man is rational, the donkey brays.”وَالْقِيَاسُ الِاقْتِرَانِيُّ يَتَرَكَّبُ إِمَّا مِنَ الْحَمْلِيَّتَيْنِ كَمَا مَرَّ؛ وَإِمَّا مِنَ الْمُتَّصِلَتَيْنِ كَقَوْلِنَا: إِنْ كَانَتِ الشَّمْسُ طَالِعَةً فَالنَّهَارُ مَوْجُودٌ، وَإِنْ كَانَ النَّهَارُ مَوْجُودًا فَالأَرْضُ مُضِيئَةٌ، يُنْتِجُ: إِنْ كَانَتِ الشَّمْسُ طَالِعَةً فَالأَرْضُ مُضِيئَةٌ؛The conjunctive syllogism is composed either of two categoricals, as above; or of two connectives, as in “If the sun has risen, it is day; and if it is day, the earth is lit”, which produces “If the sun has risen, the earth is lit”;أَوْ مِنْ حَمْلِيَّةٍ وَمُتَّصِلَةٍ، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلَّمَا كَانَ هَذَا إِنْسَانًا فَهُوَ حَيَوَانٌ، وَكُلُّ حَيَوَانٍ جِسْمٌ، يُنْتِجُ: كُلَّمَا كَانَ هَذَا إِنْسَانًا فَهُوَ جِسْمٌ؛or of a categorical and a connective, as in “Whenever this is a human, it is an animal; and every animal is a body”, which produces “Whenever this is a human, it is a body”;أَوْ مِنْ مُتَّصِلَةٍ وَمُنْفَصِلَةٍ، كَقَوْلِنَا: كُلَّمَا كَانَ هَذَا إِنْسَانًا فَهُوَ حَيَوَانٌ، وَكُلُّ حَيَوَانٍ فَهُوَ إِمَّا أَبْيَضُ أَوْ أَسْوَدُ، يُنْتِجُ: كُلَّمَا كَانَ هَذَا إِنْسَانًا فَهُوَ إِمَّا أَبْيَضُ أَوْ أَسْوَدُ.or of a connective and a disjunctive, as in “Whenever this is a human, it is an animal; and every animal is either white or black”, which produces “Whenever this is a human, it is either white or black.”وَأَمَّا الْقِيَاسُ الِاسْتِثْنَائِيُّ فَالشَّرْطِيَّةُ الْمَوْضُوعَةُ فِيهِ إِنْ كَانَتْ مُتَّصِلَةً، فَاسْتِثْنَاءُ عَيْنِ الْمُقَدَّمِ يُنْتِجُ عَيْنَ التَّالِي، كَقَوْلِنَا: إِنْ كَانَ هَذَا إِنْسَانًا فَهُوَ حَيَوَانٌ، لَكِنَّهُ إِنْسَانٌ، فَهُوَ حَيَوَانٌ.As for the exceptive syllogism: if the conditional in it is connective, affirming the antecedent produces the consequent, as in “If this is a human, it is an animal; but it is a human, so it is an animal.”وَاسْتِثْنَاءُ نَقِيضِ التَّالِي يُنْتِجُ نَقِيضَ الْمُقَدَّمِ، كَقَوْلِنَا: إِنْ كَانَ هَذَا إِنْسَانًا فَهُوَ حَيَوَانٌ، لَكِنَّهُ لَيْسَ بِحَيَوَانٍ، فَلَا يَكُونُ إِنْسَانًا؛And affirming the contradictory of the consequent produces the contradictory of the antecedent, as in “If this is a human, it is an animal; but it is not an animal, so it is not a human.”

Examples

إِنْ كَانَتِ الشَّمْسُ طَالِعَةً فَالنَّهَارُ مَوْجُودٌIf the sun has risen, it is day

Related terms

Practise

Test yourself on propositions.

Go to practice · 8 questions

Next: Disjunctive conditional المُنْفَصِلَة